This guide explains how you can run virtual machines with VirtualBox 4.0 on a headless Ubuntu 11.04 server. Normally you use the VirtualBox GUI to manage your virtual machines, but a server does not have a desktop environment. Fortunately, VirtualBox comes with a tool called VBoxHeadless that allows you to connect to the virtual machines over a remote desktop connection, so there's no need for the VirtualBox GUI.
I do not issue any guarantee that this will work for you!
I have tested this on an Ubuntu 11.04 server (host system) with the IP address 192.168.0.100 where I'm logged in as a normal user (user name administrator in this example) instead of as root.
To install VirtualBox 4.0 on our Ubuntu 11.04 server, we open /etc/apt/sources.list...
sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list
... and add the following line to it:
[...]deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian natty contrib
Then we download the VirtualBox public key...
wget -q http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -
... and update our package database:
sudo apt-get update
Afterwards, we install VirtualBox 4.0 as follows:
sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r) build-essential virtualbox-4.0 dkms
(The dkms package ensures that the VirtualBox host kernel modules are properly updated if the Linux kernel version changes.)
Starting with version 4.0, VirtualBox has introduced so called "extension packs" and has outsourced some functionality like remote desktop connection support (VRDP) that was part of VirtualBox packages before version 4.0 into these extension packs. Because we need remote desktop connections to control our virtual machines, we need to install the appropriate extension pack now. Go to http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads, and you will find a link to the following extension pack:
VirtualBox 4.0.6 Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack
Support for USB 2.0 devices, VirtualBox RDP and PXE boot for Intel cards.
Download and install the extension pack as follows:
cd /tmp
wget http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/4.0.6/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-4.0.6-71344.vbox-extpack
sudo VBoxManage extpack install Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-4.0.6-71344.vbox-extpack
(Make sure you grab the latest version from the VirtualBox web site.)
(Make sure you run the last command with sudo - sudo VBoxManage extpack install ... - because otherwise you will get an error like this:
administrator@server1:/tmp$ VBoxManage extpack install Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-4.0.6-71344.vbox-extpack
0%...
Progress state: NS_ERROR_FAILURE
VBoxManage: error: Failed to install "/tmp/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-4.0.6-71344.vbox-extpack": The installer failed with exit code 127: Error creating textual authentication agent: Error opening current controlling terminal for the process (`/dev/tty'): No such device or address
administrator@server1:/tmp$
)
Now we must add the user that will run VirtualBox (administrator in this example) to the vboxusers group:
sudo adduser administrator vboxusers
VirtualBox is now installed and ready to be used.
To create a VM on the command line, we can use the VBoxManage command. See
VBoxManage --help
for a list of available switches and (highly recommended!) take a look at http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch08.html.
I will now create an Ubuntu 11.04 Server VM with 512MB memory and a 10GB hard drive from the Ubuntu 11.04 Server iso image (which I have stored in /home/ubuntu-11.04-server-amd64.iso):
VBoxManage createvm --name "Ubuntu 11.04 Server" --register
VBoxManage modifyvm "Ubuntu 11.04 Server" --memory 512 --acpi on --boot1 dvd --nic1 bridged --bridgeadapter1 eth0
VBoxManage createhd --filename Ubuntu_11_04_Server.vdi --size 10000
VBoxManage storagectl "Ubuntu 11.04 Server" --name "IDE Controller" --add ide
VBoxManage storageattach "Ubuntu 11.04 Server" --storagectl "IDE Controller" --port 0 --device 0 --type hdd --medium Ubuntu_11_04_Server.vdi
VBoxManage storageattach "Ubuntu 11.04 Server" --storagectl "IDE Controller" --port 1 --device 0 --type dvddrive --medium /home/ubuntu-11.04-server-amd64.iso
Let's assume you have a VM called examplevm that you want to reuse on this host. On the old host, you should have a directory Machines/examplevm in the VirtualBox directory; Machines/examplevm should contain the examplevm.xml file. Copy the examplevm directory (including the examplevm.xml file) to your new Machines directory (if your user name is administrator, this is /home/administrator/.VirtualBox/Machines - the result should be /home/administrator/.VirtualBox/Machines/examplevm/examplevm.xml).
In addition to that copy the examplevm.vdi file from the old VDI directory to the new one (e.g. /home/administrator/.VirtualBox/VDI/examplevm.vdi).
Afterwards, you must register the imported VM:
VBoxManage registervm Machines/examplevm/examplevm.xml
Regardless of if you create a new VM or import an old one, you can start it with the command:
VBoxHeadless --startvm "Ubuntu 11.04 Server"
(Replace Ubuntu 11.04 Server with the name of your VM.)
VBoxHeadless will start the VM and a VRDP (VirtualBox Remote Desktop Protocol) server which allows you to see the VM's output remotely on another machine.
To stop a VM, run
VBoxManage controlvm "Ubuntu 11.04 Server" poweroff
To pause a VM, run
VBoxManage controlvm "Ubuntu 11.04 Server" pause
To reset a VM, run
VBoxManage controlvm "Ubuntu 11.04 Server" reset
To learn more about VBoxHeadless, take a look at
VBoxHeadless --help
and at http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch07.html#vboxheadless.
VBoxHeadless - Running Virtual Machines With VirtualBox 4.0 On A Headless Ubuntu 11.04 Server - Page 2
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